United States

Access & coverage

Medicare/Medicaid + commercial

Fragmented: employer, Medicare, Medicaid, ACA, uninsured residual

Treatment

• Antivirals for hepatitis; banding / TIPS for portal hypertension
• Endoscopy; transplant evaluation in end-stage disease
• Oncology pathways for GI cancers

Prevention

• Alcohol policy; viral hepatitis vaccination / treatment
• H. pylori test-and-treat strategies where stomach cancer risk is high
• Metabolic health to lower NAFLD progression

Lifestyle

• Alcohol limits; weight loss for fatty liver
• Avoid unnecessary NSAIDs; smoking cessation
• Diet patterns that support liver metabolic health

What stands out here

Same broad digestive toolkit as peers — differences are coverage rules, wait times, prices, and follow-through.